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# 11
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# 12
My First Clock 4~ Kundo Electronic Clock
Kundo Mantel Clock (Impulsed; moving magnet; electronically switched)
Electronic Clock ¹q¤lÄÁ (»¡¥L¬OºÏ°Ê¤OÄÁ§ó«ê·í)
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This Kundo Electronic Clock was Made in Germany. Kundo Kieninger & Obergfell. No(0) jewelsunadjusted.
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Kundo Mantel Clock (Impulsed; moving magnet; electronically switched)
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This Kundo Electronic Clock was Made in Germany. Kundo Kieninger & Obergfell. No(0) jewelsunadjusted.
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# 13
My First Clock 3 ~ Air Force
²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô«á¡A²Ä¤TxºØ¥X²{~~~ªÅx¡C
¦Ó·í¨ä®É¥H¼w°ê³Ì²±¡C¥H¾Ô¾÷¬°³y«¬ªº®yÄÁ¦b¼w°ê¤Q¤À´¶¹M¡I
¤µ¦¸´N¤¶²Ð¤@Ó¼w°ê®yÄÁ¡CPicture borrowed
¥¿±¯S¼g~Original Mantel Clock from the tradition company "KIENZLE"~with a special formed case
¥k±^«º~¾÷Åé¥þªø22.83" (58,0 cm)
¥ª±^«º~¾÷Åé°ª9.06" (23,0 cm)
I±~²£¦aGermany in Schwarzwald
¾÷ÀYµo°Ê¾÷~¦~¥÷1940
Á³±Û¼Õ~¶ê§Î¯S¤jÄÁ±7"
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¥k¤è¾÷Ál¦]¬°¦~¥N¤[»·¸g¾ä¾Ô¤õ¡A¦³¨Ç¯}·l¡I
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40¦~¥Nªºµo°Ê¾÷«O¦s±o«Ü¦n
¥D¤ÞÀº~±Ä¥Î³Ì·sªºBalance wheel±À°Ê¡AµL½×¸¦æ®É¦V¥ª¶É±×¡B¦V¥k¶É±×¡B©Î¬O¤£©w¤è¦ì¸¦æ¡A¤]¯à«O«ù¥X¦âªí²{¡I
¤ÞÀºÁÙ±a°Ê4¤ä±j¤Oµoµ¸Ë¸m¡AÁnµ²M¯Ü¿ñÁï¡IFour chime rods striking mechanism
µoµ¸Ë¸m¥Ñ¥D¤ÞÀº±a°Ê¡IHalf- and hour striking mechanism
·ín¶i¦æ©]¶¡§ðÀ»¥ô°È®É¡A±N¥k¤èªº¯Ã§ý©Ô¤U¡AÃö¤W¤ÞÀºµoÁn¸Ë¸m¡A¤è«K¶¶§Q§¹¦¨¥ô°È¡I
¾Ô¾÷©³³¡¥Ñ4Óª÷Äݸ}¤ä¼µ¡I
²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô«á¡A²Ä¤TxºØ¥X²{~~~ªÅx¡C
¦Ó·í¨ä®É¥H¼w°ê³Ì²±¡C¥H¾Ô¾÷¬°³y«¬ªº®yÄÁ¦b¼w°ê¤Q¤À´¶¹M¡I
¤µ¦¸´N¤¶²Ð¤@Ó¼w°ê®yÄÁ¡CPicture borrowed
¥¿±¯S¼g~Original Mantel Clock from the tradition company "KIENZLE"~with a special formed case
¥k±^«º~¾÷Åé¥þªø22.83" (58,0 cm)
¥ª±^«º~¾÷Åé°ª9.06" (23,0 cm)
I±~²£¦aGermany in Schwarzwald
¾÷ÀYµo°Ê¾÷~¦~¥÷1940
Á³±Û¼Õ~¶ê§Î¯S¤jÄÁ±7"
Á³±Û¼Õ¯S¼g~ªü©Ô§B¼Æ¦r¤Î¨è«×Åã¥Ü
¥ª¤è¾÷Ál¤Q¤À§¹¬ü~¥ª¥k³£Æ^´O¨â±ø»Éª÷ÄÝÃä
¥k¤è¾÷Ál¦]¬°¦~¥N¤[»·¸g¾ä¾Ô¤õ¡A¦³¨Ç¯}·l¡I
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40¦~¥Nªºµo°Ê¾÷«O¦s±o«Ü¦n
¥D¤ÞÀº~±Ä¥Î³Ì·sªºBalance wheel±À°Ê¡AµL½×¸¦æ®É¦V¥ª¶É±×¡B¦V¥k¶É±×¡B©Î¬O¤£©w¤è¦ì¸¦æ¡A¤]¯à«O«ù¥X¦âªí²{¡I
¤ÞÀºÁÙ±a°Ê4¤ä±j¤Oµoµ¸Ë¸m¡AÁnµ²M¯Ü¿ñÁï¡IFour chime rods striking mechanism
µoµ¸Ë¸m¥Ñ¥D¤ÞÀº±a°Ê¡IHalf- and hour striking mechanism
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# 14
My First Clock 5 ~ Barwick mantel clock
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# 15
ÄÁ¿öµ²ºc~§áÂ\ÄÁTorsion pendulum clock
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# 16
ÄÁ¿öµ²ºc~Precision Clocks ºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ
Precision Clocks ºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¡A¤@¯ë¾÷±ñÄÁªººë½T«×¡A¨¬°÷º¡¨¬¼s¤j¥«¥ÁªºÓ¤Hp®É»Ýn¡C¦ý¦b¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤è±¡A´N»Ýn¤@¨Ç§ó°ª¼h¦¸¡eºë½T«×§ó°ª¡fªº®Ép¡A¦b¹êÅç«Ç©MÆ[¹î¯¸¨Ï¥Î¡C¬°¤Fº¡¨¬³oºØ»Ý¨D¡AÄÁ¦K»Ýnµo®i¥X¤@¨Ç§óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡C
18¥@¬öªì¡A¤H̤wª¾¹D·Å«×·|¨Ï®ÉÄÁªºª÷ÄÝ¿±µÈ©M¦¬ÁY¡A±q¦Ó¼vÅTp®Éºë½T«×¡C
Figure 1 - Temperature effect on a Hermle movement
Figure 2 - Temperature effect on a pocket watch
Figure 3 - Experimental pendulum
¦b1715¦~¡A³ìªv¸¯²z¿«George Graham°µ¤F¤j¶q¦³Ãö¤£¦Pª÷Äݪº¼ö¤ÏÀ³¬ã¨s¡A§Æ±æ¯à§ä¨ì¨âºØª÷ÄÝ¡A¨äªº¿±µÈ¤ñ²v·|¬Û¤¬¸ÉÀv©Î¤¬¬Û¨ú®ø¡C¥Lµo²{¿û§÷steel©MÖߩʪºª÷ÄݨEviscous metal mercury¯à³y¦¨³oºØÃö«Y¡A¦b1722¦~µo©ú¤F·Å«×¸ÉÀvÂ\mercury-compensated pendulum¡C¸¯²z¿«Grahamªº¤u§@¡A¦³§U©ó¶}³Ð¤@Ó·s®É¥Nªººë±Kp®É¡C
Temperature compensating pendulum.
To keep accurate time, a pendulum clock needs a pendulum whose center of gravity remains constant. Unfortunately when the metal shaft of a pendulum warms up, it expands, shifting the center of gravity down and causing the clock to run slow. To compensate for this, glass vials containing mercury can be placed at the bottom of the pendulum. Not only is mercury nice and heavy, making for a good solid pendulum, it also expands more than most other metals on heating. Thus as the pendulum warms up the bottom of the vials moves down (because the shaft gets longer) but the mercury gets taller, shifting the center of gravity back up where it belongs. How much more accurate this made a clock I don't know: In any case a cheap electronic clock now is vastly more accurate than any of these ever were.
¦b¾ãÓ18¥@¬ö¡A¤u¦K̹ï§Mª÷¤Î·s¤uÃÀ§Þ³N´x´¤¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¡Ap®É·Ç½T«×¤]¤éº¥¦b§ïµ½¤¤¡C¦b1676¦~¦«°¨´µ´ö¥Ö®¦Thomas Tompion¬°^°ê¬Ó®a®æªL«Âªv¤Ñ¤å¥x¡]Royal Observatory in Greenwich¡^¡A»s³y¤F¤@Óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡Aºë½T«×¯àºû«ù¨C¤Ñ»~®t¦b2¦Ü3¬í¡C
Year-Going Pendulum Clock by Thomas Tompion, London, 1676
This clock is one of a pair that were originally built into the panelling of the Octagon Room in the Observatory and had 13-foot (almost 4 m) pendulums suspended above them. They were removed in 1719 by the widow of the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, and sold as domestic longcase clocks. One is preserved at the British Museum and the other has now returned to Greenwich. This picture shows a detail of the movement. The primary achievement of these two clocks was to prove that the earth spins on its axis at a uniform rate.
¤j¬ù50¦~«á¡A¬ù¿««¢¨½´ËJohn Harrison«Ø³y¤F¤@Óºë·Ç®ÉÄÁ¡A¨ä¤¤±Ä¯Ç¤F¥L·sµo©úªº¬]§Î¸ÉÀvÂ\ (temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum)¡A±Nºë½T«×±À«e¹F¦Ü¨C¤ë»~®t¥u¦³¤@¬í¡C
The relative expansion of the steel and brass rods compensate for changes in temperature
The priceless Late Regulator clock took John Harrison, the pioneer of longitude, 36 years to build and he was still calibrating it when he died at his home in London on March 24, 1776, his 83rd birthday.1900¦~¡A¼w°êªº¸Ì¤Ò°Ç¤½¥q¡]Riefler Company¡^»s¦¨¤F·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨C¤@¤Ñ»~®t0.01¬íªºp®É¾¹¡C³o¬ð¯}¤£¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¤O¾Çì²z©Mª÷Äݧ÷®Æ§ï¶i¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¬O¥Ñ©óµo©ú¤F·sªº¥~´ß³]p¡C¬°¤F«O«ù«í©wªºÀ£¤O¡B·Å«×©MÀã«×¡A¤u¦Ķâºë½T®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªä©ñ¦b±K¤£³z·ªº¬Á¼þ¸n¤º¡C¥H«áªº³]p¡A¤]±`±`§â³o¨Ç¬Á¼þ¸n©ñ¸m¦bºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¥~±¡C
In 1904 NIST purchased a very stable pendulum clock, the Riefler Clock (left) from Clemens Riefler in Germany. This clock served as a time interval standard until 1929 when it was replaced by the Shortt Clock (right), a double pendulum clock developed at Edinburgh Observatory and fabricated in London. This mechanical standard was replaced only a few years later by standards based on electronic methods. (NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology)
³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ¥R¤ÀÅé·|¨ì¥¿½Tªº¡A¥O¤HÃø¥H¸m«Hªº·Ç½T©Ê¡e¥Ñ©ó·í®Éªº¬ì¾Ç®a©|¥¼¶q«×±o¨ì§ó·L¶qªº®É¶¡È¡f¡C¨Ò¦p¡Aªò¯SW.H. Shortt¦b1920¦~»s§@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A³Q»{¬°¬O«O«ù®É¶¡»~®tȦb¨â²@¬í¡] 0.002 ¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b1984¦~¶i¦æ¤@¦¸´ú¸Õ®É¡A¤Hûµo²{³oÓªò¯SÄÁ«O«ùªº®É¶¡»~®tÈ¥H200·L¬í¡]0.0002¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤ñì¥ý»{¬°ªº¦³¤Q¿¥H¤Wªº·Ç½T«×¡C
High Precision 'Free Pendulum' Clock by W.H. Shortt, London, No. 16, 1927
This Synchronome housed at the Beijing Ancient Observatory includes a second hand and a 24 hour dial.17¥@¬ö¤¤¸¡A¸q¤j§Q¬ì¾Ç®a¦÷§Q²¤Galileiµo²{¤F³æÂ\ªºµ¥®É©Ê¡C
1656¦~¡A²üÄõª«²z¾Ç®a´f§ó´µChristiaan Huygens§Q¥Î³o¤@©Ê½è¨î¥X¤F²Ä¤@Ó¹ê¥Îªº¾÷±ñÂ\ÄÁ¡A±q¦¹¤HÃþ´x´¤¤F¤ñ¸ûºë½Tªº´ú¶q®É¶¡ªº¤èªk¡C
1658¦~^°êª«²z¾Ç®aJ§JRobert Hookeµo©ú¤F¦³Â\½üªºÃh¿ö¡A1760¦~¨ã¦³®É¡B¤À¡B¬í¤TÓ°wªºÃh¿ö°Ý¥@¡A¾÷±ñªí§ó¥[¨ã¦³¹ê¥Î»ùÈ¡C³Ìºë½Tªº¾÷±ñÄÁn¼Æ1920¦~°Ý¥@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¤d¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A³Q·í®Éªº¤Ñ¤å»O¥Î¨Ó§@¤Ñ¤åÄÁ¡C
¦ý¬O¾÷±ñÄÁ©È¾_¡A¤@¦¸¤p¦a¾_´N¥i¯à¨Ï¥¦°±Â\©Î²£¥Í¸û¤jªº»~®t¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦ªººë«×¤£¯à¦A´£°ª¤F¡C20¥@¬ö30¦~¥N¥Û^ÄÁ°Ý¥@¤F¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¸U¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A¥R·í¤F¤Ñ¤åÄÁªº¨¤¦â¡C
Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Ils of quartz
In 1928 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York, Warren A. Marrison developed the first quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clock. The escapement and pendulum concept was replaced by the measurement of a standard frequency of the vibration of a quartz Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il. By the end of World War II, quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clocks were accurate to one second in 30 years, and became the standard for time measurement until the arrival of the atomic clock.
«á¨Ó¤H̵o²{¬Y¨Çª«½èªº¤À¤l©Îì¤l¦³§ó¬°Ã©wªºp®É¥\¯à¡A©ó¬O¥X²{¤Fì¤lÄÁ¡C¥@¬É¤W²Ä¤@¥xì¤lÄÁ1949¦~¦b¬ü°ê³y¥X¡Cì¤lÄÁ¹B¦æ3000¦h¦~¤~²£¥Í1¬íªº»~®t¡A©Ò¥H¥Ø«e¤Ñ¤å¥x¨Ï¥Îªº³£¬Oì¤lÄÁ¡C
1952 -- NIST completes the first accurate measurement of the frequency of the cesium clock resonance. The apparatus for this measurement is named NBS-1.
1975 -- NBS-6 begins operation; an outgrowth of NBS-5, it is one of the world¡¦s most accurate atomic clocks, neither gaining nor losing one second in 300,000 years.
1993 -- NIST-7 comes on line; eventually, it achieves an uncertainty of 5 x 10-15, or 20 times more accurate than NBS-6.
1999 -- NIST-F1 begins operation with an uncertainty of 1.7 x 10-15, or accuracy to about one second in 20 million years, making it one of the most accurate clocks ever made (a distinction shared with similar standards in France and Germany).
Mercury pendulum¤ô»ÈÄÁÂ\
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¦´Áªº¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ(regulator clocks)·|±Ä¥Î¤ô»È¸ÉÀvªºÂ\Áè¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªk°ê®ÉÄÁ³£¬Oªº¡C¬ü°ê»s³yªº¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ(regulator clocks)³q±`·|¨Ï¥ÎÁá»Èªºª÷ÄݬW¥N´À¡A©Î¥Î¥´¿i±o¥ú·Æ«GÄRªº¿û¤l¼u´¡¤J¬Á¼þºÞ¼Ò¥é³oºØ§Î»ª¡C¤@¨Ç¬ü°ê¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ¤]·|¥Î¤ô»È¤p²~¡A¤£¹L¬Û«H¬O«á¨Ó§ï¥Îªº¡C
¥Ñ©ó¤ô»È¬Á¼þ¬W«Ü©ö·lÃa¡A»ù®æ¤]«Ü°ª¡A·í¤£¤p¤ßºL¯}®É¡A»Ýn©w»s¤~¦³±o§ó´«¡C¤HÌ«K·Q¨ì¨Ï¥Îª÷ÄݬW¥N´À¡A¤@¨Ó¥i¥H°µ¨ì±µªñªº·Å«×¸ÉÀv®ÄªG¡A¥t¤@¤è±·lÃaªº¾÷·|¤]´î¤Ö¡Cµo®i¦Ü«á¨Ó¡A¥u¦³¸û¦W¶Qªº®ÉÄÁ¤~¨Ï¥Î¯u¤ô»È¬W¡C
Pictures borrowed
Temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum
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®Ú¾ÚÄÁÂ\ì²z(isochronous property of the pendulum)¡AÄÁÂ\ªº¹B°Ê®É¶¡¡A¨ú¨M©óÂ\±ìªºªø«×¡CÂ\±ì¶Vªø¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡¶Vªø¡FÂ\±ì¶Vµu¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡«K§Ö¡C
¦´Áªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦h±Ä¥Îª÷ÄÝÄÁÂ\¡AÂ\±ì©ö¨ü·Å«×ÅܤƼvÅT¡A¾ÉP¨«®É¤£·Ç½T¡C¦b1715¦~¡A^°ê¤HGeorge Grahamµo©ú¤F¤ô»ÈÂ\Áè¡A§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ï®ÉÄÁªº¼vÅT¡C
¦b1725¦~¡A^°ê¤H¬ù¿««¢¨½»¹John Harrisonµo©ú¤F¬]§ÎÄÁÂ\¡A¥Î¥t¤@ºØ¤èªk¡A¸Ñ¨M·Å«×¹ïª÷ÄÝÂ\±ì¿±µÈªº¸ÉÀv°ÝÃD¡C¥L±Ä¥Î¶À»É©MÅK²Õ¦X»s¦¨ªº¼Ð¤Ø¡A¥Î¨âºØª÷ÄÝpºâ¥X¦U¦Û¤£¦Pªº·Å«×¿±µÈ¨t¼Æ¡A³]p¦¨¬]§Îªº²Õ¦X§@Â\±ì¡A¦³®Ä¦a§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ïÂ\±ìªº¼vÅT¡A¦b¤j½d³òªº·Å«×§ïÅܮɡA¤]¯à¦³«Ü¦nªºªí²{¡CPictures borrowed
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³oºØ¦Xª÷ªº¥t¤@ºØ¯S©Ê¬O§ÜºÏ©Ê(nonmagnetic)¡A¬O¤Q¤À¾A©y¥Î»s§@ÄÁÂ\ªº§÷®Æ¡C
Wood pendulum ¤ì§÷¨îÄÁÂ\
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Picture borrowed
Precision Clocks ºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¡A¤@¯ë¾÷±ñÄÁªººë½T«×¡A¨¬°÷º¡¨¬¼s¤j¥«¥ÁªºÓ¤Hp®É»Ýn¡C¦ý¦b¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤è±¡A´N»Ýn¤@¨Ç§ó°ª¼h¦¸¡eºë½T«×§ó°ª¡fªº®Ép¡A¦b¹êÅç«Ç©MÆ[¹î¯¸¨Ï¥Î¡C¬°¤Fº¡¨¬³oºØ»Ý¨D¡AÄÁ¦K»Ýnµo®i¥X¤@¨Ç§óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡C
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Figure 1 - Temperature effect on a Hermle movement
Figure 2 - Temperature effect on a pocket watch
Figure 3 - Experimental pendulum
¦b1715¦~¡A³ìªv¸¯²z¿«George Graham°µ¤F¤j¶q¦³Ãö¤£¦Pª÷Äݪº¼ö¤ÏÀ³¬ã¨s¡A§Æ±æ¯à§ä¨ì¨âºØª÷ÄÝ¡A¨äªº¿±µÈ¤ñ²v·|¬Û¤¬¸ÉÀv©Î¤¬¬Û¨ú®ø¡C¥Lµo²{¿û§÷steel©MÖߩʪºª÷ÄݨEviscous metal mercury¯à³y¦¨³oºØÃö«Y¡A¦b1722¦~µo©ú¤F·Å«×¸ÉÀvÂ\mercury-compensated pendulum¡C¸¯²z¿«Grahamªº¤u§@¡A¦³§U©ó¶}³Ð¤@Ó·s®É¥Nªººë±Kp®É¡C
Temperature compensating pendulum.
To keep accurate time, a pendulum clock needs a pendulum whose center of gravity remains constant. Unfortunately when the metal shaft of a pendulum warms up, it expands, shifting the center of gravity down and causing the clock to run slow. To compensate for this, glass vials containing mercury can be placed at the bottom of the pendulum. Not only is mercury nice and heavy, making for a good solid pendulum, it also expands more than most other metals on heating. Thus as the pendulum warms up the bottom of the vials moves down (because the shaft gets longer) but the mercury gets taller, shifting the center of gravity back up where it belongs. How much more accurate this made a clock I don't know: In any case a cheap electronic clock now is vastly more accurate than any of these ever were.
¦b¾ãÓ18¥@¬ö¡A¤u¦K̹ï§Mª÷¤Î·s¤uÃÀ§Þ³N´x´¤¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¡Ap®É·Ç½T«×¤]¤éº¥¦b§ïµ½¤¤¡C¦b1676¦~¦«°¨´µ´ö¥Ö®¦Thomas Tompion¬°^°ê¬Ó®a®æªL«Âªv¤Ñ¤å¥x¡]Royal Observatory in Greenwich¡^¡A»s³y¤F¤@Óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡Aºë½T«×¯àºû«ù¨C¤Ñ»~®t¦b2¦Ü3¬í¡C
Year-Going Pendulum Clock by Thomas Tompion, London, 1676
This clock is one of a pair that were originally built into the panelling of the Octagon Room in the Observatory and had 13-foot (almost 4 m) pendulums suspended above them. They were removed in 1719 by the widow of the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, and sold as domestic longcase clocks. One is preserved at the British Museum and the other has now returned to Greenwich. This picture shows a detail of the movement. The primary achievement of these two clocks was to prove that the earth spins on its axis at a uniform rate.
¤j¬ù50¦~«á¡A¬ù¿««¢¨½´ËJohn Harrison«Ø³y¤F¤@Óºë·Ç®ÉÄÁ¡A¨ä¤¤±Ä¯Ç¤F¥L·sµo©úªº¬]§Î¸ÉÀvÂ\ (temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum)¡A±Nºë½T«×±À«e¹F¦Ü¨C¤ë»~®t¥u¦³¤@¬í¡C
The relative expansion of the steel and brass rods compensate for changes in temperature
The priceless Late Regulator clock took John Harrison, the pioneer of longitude, 36 years to build and he was still calibrating it when he died at his home in London on March 24, 1776, his 83rd birthday.1900¦~¡A¼w°êªº¸Ì¤Ò°Ç¤½¥q¡]Riefler Company¡^»s¦¨¤F·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨C¤@¤Ñ»~®t0.01¬íªºp®É¾¹¡C³o¬ð¯}¤£¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¤O¾Çì²z©Mª÷Äݧ÷®Æ§ï¶i¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¬O¥Ñ©óµo©ú¤F·sªº¥~´ß³]p¡C¬°¤F«O«ù«í©wªºÀ£¤O¡B·Å«×©MÀã«×¡A¤u¦Ķâºë½T®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªä©ñ¦b±K¤£³z·ªº¬Á¼þ¸n¤º¡C¥H«áªº³]p¡A¤]±`±`§â³o¨Ç¬Á¼þ¸n©ñ¸m¦bºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¥~±¡C
In 1904 NIST purchased a very stable pendulum clock, the Riefler Clock (left) from Clemens Riefler in Germany. This clock served as a time interval standard until 1929 when it was replaced by the Shortt Clock (right), a double pendulum clock developed at Edinburgh Observatory and fabricated in London. This mechanical standard was replaced only a few years later by standards based on electronic methods. (NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology)
³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ¥R¤ÀÅé·|¨ì¥¿½Tªº¡A¥O¤HÃø¥H¸m«Hªº·Ç½T©Ê¡e¥Ñ©ó·í®Éªº¬ì¾Ç®a©|¥¼¶q«×±o¨ì§ó·L¶qªº®É¶¡È¡f¡C¨Ò¦p¡Aªò¯SW.H. Shortt¦b1920¦~»s§@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A³Q»{¬°¬O«O«ù®É¶¡»~®tȦb¨â²@¬í¡] 0.002 ¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b1984¦~¶i¦æ¤@¦¸´ú¸Õ®É¡A¤Hûµo²{³oÓªò¯SÄÁ«O«ùªº®É¶¡»~®tÈ¥H200·L¬í¡]0.0002¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤ñì¥ý»{¬°ªº¦³¤Q¿¥H¤Wªº·Ç½T«×¡C
High Precision 'Free Pendulum' Clock by W.H. Shortt, London, No. 16, 1927
This Synchronome housed at the Beijing Ancient Observatory includes a second hand and a 24 hour dial.17¥@¬ö¤¤¸¡A¸q¤j§Q¬ì¾Ç®a¦÷§Q²¤Galileiµo²{¤F³æÂ\ªºµ¥®É©Ê¡C
1656¦~¡A²üÄõª«²z¾Ç®a´f§ó´µChristiaan Huygens§Q¥Î³o¤@©Ê½è¨î¥X¤F²Ä¤@Ó¹ê¥Îªº¾÷±ñÂ\ÄÁ¡A±q¦¹¤HÃþ´x´¤¤F¤ñ¸ûºë½Tªº´ú¶q®É¶¡ªº¤èªk¡C
1658¦~^°êª«²z¾Ç®aJ§JRobert Hookeµo©ú¤F¦³Â\½üªºÃh¿ö¡A1760¦~¨ã¦³®É¡B¤À¡B¬í¤TÓ°wªºÃh¿ö°Ý¥@¡A¾÷±ñªí§ó¥[¨ã¦³¹ê¥Î»ùÈ¡C³Ìºë½Tªº¾÷±ñÄÁn¼Æ1920¦~°Ý¥@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¤d¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A³Q·í®Éªº¤Ñ¤å»O¥Î¨Ó§@¤Ñ¤åÄÁ¡C
¦ý¬O¾÷±ñÄÁ©È¾_¡A¤@¦¸¤p¦a¾_´N¥i¯à¨Ï¥¦°±Â\©Î²£¥Í¸û¤jªº»~®t¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦ªººë«×¤£¯à¦A´£°ª¤F¡C20¥@¬ö30¦~¥N¥Û^ÄÁ°Ý¥@¤F¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¸U¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A¥R·í¤F¤Ñ¤åÄÁªº¨¤¦â¡C
Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Ils of quartz
In 1928 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York, Warren A. Marrison developed the first quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clock. The escapement and pendulum concept was replaced by the measurement of a standard frequency of the vibration of a quartz Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il. By the end of World War II, quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clocks were accurate to one second in 30 years, and became the standard for time measurement until the arrival of the atomic clock.
«á¨Ó¤H̵o²{¬Y¨Çª«½èªº¤À¤l©Îì¤l¦³§ó¬°Ã©wªºp®É¥\¯à¡A©ó¬O¥X²{¤Fì¤lÄÁ¡C¥@¬É¤W²Ä¤@¥xì¤lÄÁ1949¦~¦b¬ü°ê³y¥X¡Cì¤lÄÁ¹B¦æ3000¦h¦~¤~²£¥Í1¬íªº»~®t¡A©Ò¥H¥Ø«e¤Ñ¤å¥x¨Ï¥Îªº³£¬Oì¤lÄÁ¡C
1952 -- NIST completes the first accurate measurement of the frequency of the cesium clock resonance. The apparatus for this measurement is named NBS-1.
1975 -- NBS-6 begins operation; an outgrowth of NBS-5, it is one of the world¡¦s most accurate atomic clocks, neither gaining nor losing one second in 300,000 years.
1993 -- NIST-7 comes on line; eventually, it achieves an uncertainty of 5 x 10-15, or 20 times more accurate than NBS-6.
1999 -- NIST-F1 begins operation with an uncertainty of 1.7 x 10-15, or accuracy to about one second in 20 million years, making it one of the most accurate clocks ever made (a distinction shared with similar standards in France and Germany).
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¥Ñ©ó¤ô»È¬Á¼þ¬W«Ü©ö·lÃa¡A»ù®æ¤]«Ü°ª¡A·í¤£¤p¤ßºL¯}®É¡A»Ýn©w»s¤~¦³±o§ó´«¡C¤HÌ«K·Q¨ì¨Ï¥Îª÷ÄݬW¥N´À¡A¤@¨Ó¥i¥H°µ¨ì±µªñªº·Å«×¸ÉÀv®ÄªG¡A¥t¤@¤è±·lÃaªº¾÷·|¤]´î¤Ö¡Cµo®i¦Ü«á¨Ó¡A¥u¦³¸û¦W¶Qªº®ÉÄÁ¤~¨Ï¥Î¯u¤ô»È¬W¡C
Pictures borrowed
Temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum
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®Ú¾ÚÄÁÂ\ì²z(isochronous property of the pendulum)¡AÄÁÂ\ªº¹B°Ê®É¶¡¡A¨ú¨M©óÂ\±ìªºªø«×¡CÂ\±ì¶Vªø¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡¶Vªø¡FÂ\±ì¶Vµu¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡«K§Ö¡C
¦´Áªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦h±Ä¥Îª÷ÄÝÄÁÂ\¡AÂ\±ì©ö¨ü·Å«×ÅܤƼvÅT¡A¾ÉP¨«®É¤£·Ç½T¡C¦b1715¦~¡A^°ê¤HGeorge Grahamµo©ú¤F¤ô»ÈÂ\Áè¡A§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ï®ÉÄÁªº¼vÅT¡C
¦b1725¦~¡A^°ê¤H¬ù¿««¢¨½»¹John Harrisonµo©ú¤F¬]§ÎÄÁÂ\¡A¥Î¥t¤@ºØ¤èªk¡A¸Ñ¨M·Å«×¹ïª÷ÄÝÂ\±ì¿±µÈªº¸ÉÀv°ÝÃD¡C¥L±Ä¥Î¶À»É©MÅK²Õ¦X»s¦¨ªº¼Ð¤Ø¡A¥Î¨âºØª÷ÄÝpºâ¥X¦U¦Û¤£¦Pªº·Å«×¿±µÈ¨t¼Æ¡A³]p¦¨¬]§Îªº²Õ¦X§@Â\±ì¡A¦³®Ä¦a§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ïÂ\±ìªº¼vÅT¡A¦b¤j½d³òªº·Å«×§ïÅܮɡA¤]¯à¦³«Ü¦nªºªí²{¡CPictures borrowed
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³oºØ¦Xª÷ªº¥t¤@ºØ¯S©Ê¬O§ÜºÏ©Ê(nonmagnetic)¡A¬O¤Q¤À¾A©y¥Î»s§@ÄÁÂ\ªº§÷®Æ¡C
Wood pendulum ¤ì§÷¨îÄÁÂ\
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# 17
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Verge and foliot escapement
An early clock
The de Vick Clock(Verge and foliot clocks)
Replica of an early 17th-century clock with a foliot-and-verge escapement mechanism. An early wood gear clock
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¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x---²Ó³¡µ²ºc¤ÀªRhttp://web2.nmns.edu.tw/Web-Title/china/StructGame.htm
^°ê1715¦~«e¡A»·¦b^°êªº¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹John Harrison ¡A¦bÄÁÂ\¬ã¨s¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]´¿³y¤F¨âÓ¤ì»s¾÷ªä¾¦½ü®y¦a®ÉÄÁ¡C¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹¬O¦Û¾Ç¤Ñ¤~¡A¥L¬ã¨sÄÁ¿ö§Þ³N®É¡A¥Î¤ì§÷¥N´Àª÷ÄÝ»s³y¤F·Ç½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦b1722¦~¡A¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹»P¥Lªº¥S§Ì¸â©i´µ¦bBrocklesby¤½¶é׫ؤF¤@Ӥ쾦½ü¾÷ªäªº¶ðÄÁ¡A³oÓ®ÉÄÁ¤µ¤Ñ¤´µM¹B¦æ¡C
¸g½n«×ªº¬G¨Æ~~~¯è®ü¤Ñ¤åÄÁªºµo©ú
½Ð«ö¹Ï¤ù¬Ý¸Ôz
¦b1728¦~¡A¥L׳y¤F¼ÆӤ쾦½üªººë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock¡A¥L±Ä¥Î·U³Ð¾ðªº¯Sµw¤ì§÷§@¾àÁa½üªº§÷®Æ¡A¥ÎÅK±ù¤ì³y¦¨¤p¾¦½ü¡C
The John Harrison clock at Nostell Priory
¦b¥L¬ã¨sµo©ú·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥L§Q¥Î¤ì»sªººë½T®ÉÄÁ¡A¨Ó¦Lµý·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªºÂ\«ß¡C
experiments to design gridiron pendulum
¦b³o¨Ç´ú¸Õ¦¨¥\¤§«á¡A¥L¤~¯àÄ~Äò׳y¥Lªº¥|Ó¯è®üÄÁmarine clock¡CH1¥]§t¤F¤ì¾¦½ü¡A¦}¥B¦¨¥\»·¯è¨Ó¦^^ۨ쨽´µ¥»¡C
Marine timekeeper (H1), front
Marine timekeeper (H1), side
winding wheels
Marine timekeeper (H1), side and back
front view
side view
H2©MH3¬O§ï¥Î¶À»É§@³yÄÁ§÷®Æ¡A¦ý¥¼´¿³y¹L»·¯è´ú¸Õ¡C
Marine timekeeper (H2), front
Marine timekeeper (H2), side
Marine timekeeper (H2), front and side
Marine timekeeper (H3), front
Marine timekeeper (H3), back and side
Marine timekeeper (H3) with case
¥Lªº¤ì¾¦½üºë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨CÓ¤ë1¬í»~®t¡AµM«á½Õ¾ã¥Lªº¯è®üÄÁ¨Ó¹ï·Ç¡A¤~¹ê¦b°µ®ü¬v¸ÕÅç¡CH4¬O·¥ºÝ«n©M¥i¶Qªºµo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦ªº¦¨´N¡A±À°Ê¤Fªk°ê©M^°ê¯è®üÄÁªºµo®i¡C
Marine timekeeper (H4), obverse
Marine timekeeper (H4), open upper plate
1785¦~¡AJohn Arnold©MThomas Earnshaw¶}µo¤F²{¥N¯è®üÄÁªº¥¿Å¥~´ß³]p¡C
This is a typical example of Earnshaw's marine chronometers
Earnshaw's Chronometer Escapement
Chronometer Escapement
Train of Marine Chronometer
¡m«ÝÄò¡n
America Wood Clocks Industry¬ü°ê¤ì®ÉÄÁ¤u·~¦b1800¦~¥H«e¡A¬ü°ê·s^®æÄõ¤w¸g¶}®i¤F¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁªº¤u·~¡C¦h¤Ö¦~¨Ó¡A^°ê¶T©ö¸T¹B¡A¨¾¤î¤F¶À»É©M½èÀuªº¿û§÷¨ì¹F³oÓ·sªº°ê®a¡Cªi¤h¹y¯ù¸¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í¡A¥¿Åã¥Ü¤F¥_¬ü¬w´Ó¥Á¤£º¡¥H°ªµ|ª÷ÁʶR^°êªºª««~¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¨Ó¦Û^°êªº®yÄÁ¡C
ÄÁ¬O·í¥Nªº°ª§Þ³N²£«~¡A^°ê¤H¤Þ¥H¦Û»¨ªº¥Í²£µo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥«³õ»Ý¨D«Ü¤j¡A¬G¦¹·í¦aÄÁ¦K¾Ç·|¤F§Q¥Î¤ì§÷§÷®Æ¶}®i°µÄÁ¤u·~¡F¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥u¦³´XÓ¹s¥ó¥Ñ¿û©Î¶À»É»s¦¨¡A¨Ò¦p¾àÁa½ü©M¾àÁa¤e¡C¹B¥Î·sªº»s³y¤èªk¡A±N¦UÃþ®ÉÄÁ¾¦½ü¼W¥[¹s¥óªº¤¬´«©Ê¡A®ÉÄÁµo®i¦¨¿W¯Sªº¬ü°ê¦¡¼Ë¡C
wooden movement
1837¦~¡AChauncey Jerome¬ãµo¤F¶À»Éª÷Äݤu·~§Þ³N»s³yÄÁ¿ö¡A¨ä«á§O¤H¥é®Ä¡A¤ì®ÉÄÁ®É¥Nµ²§ô¡C
¼w°ê唂©BÄÁcuckoo clock1600¦~´Á¶¡¼w°ê¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ïªº¤H¥Á¡A¹A¯Ñ¤u§@ªº®É¶¡¬O«D±`¦³¡C¦bº©ªøªº¥V¤Ñ¡A³h¹A¬°¤Fºû«ù¥Íp¡A³£·|¤Æ¨¦¨¬°¤u¦K¡Aµo®i¤@¨Ç¤â¤u·~»s§@¡A¥L̤§¤¤¦³¨Ç¬Oµe®v¡B³]p®a¡A¼Æ¾Çºtºâ®a©MÀJ¨è®a¡AÁa¦X¤@¨Ç¹ê¥Îªº§Þ¯à¡A¶}µo¤F¤@®M¾÷±ñµ²ºc®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªäªº·½«¬¡C¥Dn¥H¤ì§÷§@ì®Æ¡A©Ò¦³³o¨Ç¤u¦K³q¹L¥L̼ô½mªº¤â¤u¦b¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ï¸Ì¡Aµ²¦X¤F¥L̪º§Þ¯à¡A¶}©l׳y¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁ¡C
¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤£Â_§ï¶i®ÉÄÁªº½è¶q¡AÁٳХߤF·í¦a¿W¦³ªº¤@®M®ÉÄÁ¯S¼x¡A·í¤¤¤]¥]¬A¥~«¬ªº³W®æ¡A³Ì²×ºt¤Æ¦¨²{¦bªº唂©BÄÁ¡C¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©óºt¶i¹Lµ{nÁa¦X¤£¦Pªº¬ì¾Ç¤Î§Þ³N¡A¤]«P¶i¤F·í¦aÄÁ¿ö±M¬ì¾Ç®Õªº²Õ¦¨¡F¼w°êÄÁ¿ö¤Î¬ì¬ãµo®iªº¦¨´N¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O¦b³o®É«Ø¥ß°ò¦¡C
¶Â´ËªL¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªºµo®i¡A¬°°Ï°ì±a¥X«Ü¦h±Òµo¡A¼w°êµÛ¦WªºStrasburg¤j±Ð°ó®ÉÄÁ¡A¶¯Âû¦b¨CÓ¤p®É¥´»ï«Å§G¤p®É®É¶¡¡A³£¬O¥é·Ó¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªº¥´»ï¤è¦¡¡C
¤j¬ù1750¦~¡A«Ø³y¤FµÛ¦Wªº"Schottenuhr" clock~(special Black Forest painted wooden shield clock¶Â´ËªL¤âøªº¤ì¬Þ«¬ÄÁ±®ÉÄÁ)¡A¨Ã¶}©l¥X²{¦b®ÉÄÁªí½Lªº¤W±¦³¤@Ó¤pªù¡A§ùÃY³¾·|±q¤pªù¥X¨Ó³ø®É¡A³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ³]p«D±`½ÆÂø¤S·¥¤§µ}¦³¡C
Early cuckoo clock, Black Forest, 1760-1780
«Ü§Ö¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªº·sªº«~ºØ¤S¥X²{¡A¥~´ß¥HÅK¸ô©Ð¤lªº§Î¦¡°t¤W²`´Ä¦â¾ó¤ìÄÁ±¡C¨º®É¥Í²£ªº¤ì¬[®ÉÄÁ¡A³£¬O¥Î«Áè±a°Ê¾÷ªä¾¦½ü¡A¬°®ÉÄÁ´£¨Ñ°Ê¤Oªº¡C¨üªk°ê¤uÃÀ¤å¤Æ¼vÅT¡A¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªº¥~«¬ÀJ¶ì±o«D±`²Ó½o¡A«Ü¦³ÃÀ³N©Ê¡C
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©B©BÄÁ¤£¦P©ó¤@¯ë¾÷±ñÄÁ¡A°£¤F¥Î©B©B³¾¥sÁn³ø®É¥~¡A¤]§Q¥Î¤F¶Ç²ÎªºÀJ¨è§Þªk¡A¥Î¤ìÀJ¸Ë¹¢¦UºØ©B©BÄÁ¡AÀJ¨è¥]¬A¸¤l¡BÂy¤H³]p©ÎªÌ¤@Ó·L«¬©Ð¤l¡F§ó¯S§Oªº¬O¥Î¾÷±ñì²z¡A³]p¤F¤£¦Pªº·|°Ê¤ì°¸¡A¦p¬å§÷¡B³Ü°à°s¡B¤ô¨®ªºÂà°Ê ¡B¸õ»Rµ¥¡Dºë¥©¦³½ìªº°Ê°¸¡A°t¤Wµ¼Ö»P³¾»ï,±N¶Â´ËªLªº¥Í¬¡ªí²{¦b®ÉÄÁ¤W¡C¶Â´ËªL©B©BÄÁÅܦ¨¤F¥@¬Éª¾¦Wªº¦a°Ï¤å¤Æ¡A¤S¬O¬ì§Þ»PÃÀ³N´|¦Xªºµ²´¹¡A¤ñ¤@¥÷¬üÄRªº¬ö©À«~§ó¦h¤@¨Ç¹ê¥Î©MÆ[½à»ùÈ¡C
world¡¦s largest cuckoo clock
(All Pictures are borrowed)
ÄÁ¿ö¬O¼Æ¾Ç¡B¤Ñ¤å¬ì¾Ç¤Î¬ì§Þªººî¦Xµo©ú¡C
¤¤¥j®É´Á¡AÄÁ¿ö¬O¶Q±Úªºª±·N¡A¤å³¹¬O·Q±a¥XÄÁ¿ö¥¥Á¤Æªº¶iµ{¡C
¦h¥Î¤ì§÷¡A³q¹L¤u¦K̪º¬ã¨s¤ÎÅܳq¡A¤@¼Ë¯à°÷³y¥Xºë¥©ªºÄÁ¿ö¡C
¦´Á¼Ú¬w1360¦~Henry de Vick¥Îª÷Äݧ÷®Æ»s³y¤F¾ú¥v¤W²Ä¤@ӫǤº®ÉÄÁ¡A®Ú¾Ú³oÓÄÁªº³]p¡A«á´Áªº²£«~¦³¨Ç·|¥Î¤ì§÷¥N´À¤Fª÷Äݾ¦½ü¡C
Verge and foliot escapement
An early clock
The de Vick Clock(Verge and foliot clocks)
Replica of an early 17th-century clock with a foliot-and-verge escapement mechanism. An early wood gear clock
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¤¤°ê§º¥N
1090¦~¡A¤¤°ê§º¥NĬ¹|«Ø¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x¡A¥H¤ô¿E½ü¡B½üÂà»s¦¨¤¤°ê°ß¤@¦³»¡©úªº¦Û°Ê¤ô¹B¤Ñ¤å»ö¶H¤Î¦Û°Ê³ø®É¤Ñ¤å¥x¡A¥iÀH¦a²y¦ÛÂ઺°lÂÜÆ[¬P¸Ë¸m¡A¤ñ¦è¤èÄÁ¿ö¦¤F600¦~¡FĬ¹|µ¥¤H«Ø³yªº¤ô¹B»ö¶H»O»O°ª¤T¤V¤¤Ø¤»¤o¦h¡A¬Û·í©ó¤T¡B¥|¼h¼Ó¨º»ò°ª¡A¤À¬°¤T¼h¡G³Ì¤W¤@¼h¦³¤@Ó¤p¤ì«Î¡A«Î¤¤¦w¸Ë¦³´ý»ö©M¦cªí¡C·í¥Î´ý»öÆ[´ú®É¡A¤p«Î«Î³»´N¥i¥H¦Û°Ê¥´¶}¡AÅS¥X´ý»ö¡C³oºØ¸Ë¸m¥i¥H»¡¬O²{¥N¤Ñ¤å»O¬¡°Ê«Î³»ªº»ó¯ª¡C²Ä¤G¼h¬O´ý¶H¡A´ý¶Hªº¶ê²y¤Wű¦³283Ó¬P©x¡A¦@p1464ÁûùÚ¬P¡A¥Î28±ø¸g½u±N28±J¹j¶}¡C´ý¶H¶ê²y¸Ë¦b¦aÂd¤¤¡A¤@¥bÅS¦bÂd¥~¡A¥NªíµÛ¦a¥½u¤Wªº¥bӤѪšC³Ì¤U¼h´N¬O½ÆÂøªº³ø®É¨t²Î¡A¥¦¦³¤¼h¤p¤ì»Õ¡A¨CÓ¤p¤ì»Õ¤¤³£¦³¤£¦P¼Æ¥Øªº¤p¤ì¤H¡C²Ä¤@¡B¤G¡B¤T¼h¤¤ªº¤p¤ì¤Ht³d³ø§i¤@¤Ñ¤ºªº®É¨°©M®É¨è¡A¥|¡B¤¼h¤¤ªº¤p¤ì¤Ht³d³ø§i©]¸Ìªº®É¨°©M§óÂI¡C
¾ãÓ¤ô¹B»ö¶H»O¥Hº|³ý¤¤ªº¤ô¬°ÅX°Ê¤O¡A³q¹L¤@®M¶Ç°Ê¸Ë¸m©M¤@Ó¾÷½üÁpµ²¦b¤@°_¡A»P¤Ñ²y¦P¨B¹BÂà¡A¹G¯u¦Û°Ê¦aºt¥Ü¤F¤Ñ¶HªºÅܤơC
¥xÆW°ê¥ß¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç³Õª«À]©Ò®i¥Ü¤§¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x¬O¨Ì¾ÚĬ¹|©Ò¼¶¡u·s»ö¶Hªkn¡vªº¤åÄm¤º®e¬ã¨s´_ì¦Ó¦¨¡A¬°¥@¬É²Ä¤@®y¥\¯à§¹³Æ¤§ì¤Ø¤o¤ì¼Ë¼Ò«¬¡Cì¥ó¨Ì¥_§º®É´ÁĬ¹|©MÁú¤½·Gµ¥¤H©Ò³]p»s§@ªº¡C
¾àÁa¸Ë¸mµ²ºc¹Ï
¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x---²Ó³¡µ²ºc¤ÀªRhttp://web2.nmns.edu.tw/Web-Title/china/StructGame.htm
^°ê1715¦~«e¡A»·¦b^°êªº¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹John Harrison ¡A¦bÄÁÂ\¬ã¨s¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]´¿³y¤F¨âÓ¤ì»s¾÷ªä¾¦½ü®y¦a®ÉÄÁ¡C¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹¬O¦Û¾Ç¤Ñ¤~¡A¥L¬ã¨sÄÁ¿ö§Þ³N®É¡A¥Î¤ì§÷¥N´Àª÷ÄÝ»s³y¤F·Ç½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦b1722¦~¡A¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹»P¥Lªº¥S§Ì¸â©i´µ¦bBrocklesby¤½¶é׫ؤF¤@Ӥ쾦½ü¾÷ªäªº¶ðÄÁ¡A³oÓ®ÉÄÁ¤µ¤Ñ¤´µM¹B¦æ¡C
¸g½n«×ªº¬G¨Æ~~~¯è®ü¤Ñ¤åÄÁªºµo©ú
½Ð«ö¹Ï¤ù¬Ý¸Ôz
¦b1728¦~¡A¥L׳y¤F¼ÆӤ쾦½üªººë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock¡A¥L±Ä¥Î·U³Ð¾ðªº¯Sµw¤ì§÷§@¾àÁa½üªº§÷®Æ¡A¥ÎÅK±ù¤ì³y¦¨¤p¾¦½ü¡C
The John Harrison clock at Nostell Priory
¦b¥L¬ã¨sµo©ú·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥L§Q¥Î¤ì»sªººë½T®ÉÄÁ¡A¨Ó¦Lµý·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªºÂ\«ß¡C
experiments to design gridiron pendulum
¦b³o¨Ç´ú¸Õ¦¨¥\¤§«á¡A¥L¤~¯àÄ~Äò׳y¥Lªº¥|Ó¯è®üÄÁmarine clock¡CH1¥]§t¤F¤ì¾¦½ü¡A¦}¥B¦¨¥\»·¯è¨Ó¦^^ۨ쨽´µ¥»¡C
Marine timekeeper (H1), front
Marine timekeeper (H1), side
winding wheels
Marine timekeeper (H1), side and back
front view
side view
H2©MH3¬O§ï¥Î¶À»É§@³yÄÁ§÷®Æ¡A¦ý¥¼´¿³y¹L»·¯è´ú¸Õ¡C
Marine timekeeper (H2), front
Marine timekeeper (H2), side
Marine timekeeper (H2), front and side
Marine timekeeper (H3), front
Marine timekeeper (H3), back and side
Marine timekeeper (H3) with case
¥Lªº¤ì¾¦½üºë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨CÓ¤ë1¬í»~®t¡AµM«á½Õ¾ã¥Lªº¯è®üÄÁ¨Ó¹ï·Ç¡A¤~¹ê¦b°µ®ü¬v¸ÕÅç¡CH4¬O·¥ºÝ«n©M¥i¶Qªºµo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦ªº¦¨´N¡A±À°Ê¤Fªk°ê©M^°ê¯è®üÄÁªºµo®i¡C
Marine timekeeper (H4), obverse
Marine timekeeper (H4), open upper plate
1785¦~¡AJohn Arnold©MThomas Earnshaw¶}µo¤F²{¥N¯è®üÄÁªº¥¿Å¥~´ß³]p¡C
This is a typical example of Earnshaw's marine chronometers
Earnshaw's Chronometer Escapement
Chronometer Escapement
Train of Marine Chronometer
¡m«ÝÄò¡n
America Wood Clocks Industry¬ü°ê¤ì®ÉÄÁ¤u·~¦b1800¦~¥H«e¡A¬ü°ê·s^®æÄõ¤w¸g¶}®i¤F¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁªº¤u·~¡C¦h¤Ö¦~¨Ó¡A^°ê¶T©ö¸T¹B¡A¨¾¤î¤F¶À»É©M½èÀuªº¿û§÷¨ì¹F³oÓ·sªº°ê®a¡Cªi¤h¹y¯ù¸¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í¡A¥¿Åã¥Ü¤F¥_¬ü¬w´Ó¥Á¤£º¡¥H°ªµ|ª÷ÁʶR^°êªºª««~¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¨Ó¦Û^°êªº®yÄÁ¡C
ÄÁ¬O·í¥Nªº°ª§Þ³N²£«~¡A^°ê¤H¤Þ¥H¦Û»¨ªº¥Í²£µo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥«³õ»Ý¨D«Ü¤j¡A¬G¦¹·í¦aÄÁ¦K¾Ç·|¤F§Q¥Î¤ì§÷§÷®Æ¶}®i°µÄÁ¤u·~¡F¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥u¦³´XÓ¹s¥ó¥Ñ¿û©Î¶À»É»s¦¨¡A¨Ò¦p¾àÁa½ü©M¾àÁa¤e¡C¹B¥Î·sªº»s³y¤èªk¡A±N¦UÃþ®ÉÄÁ¾¦½ü¼W¥[¹s¥óªº¤¬´«©Ê¡A®ÉÄÁµo®i¦¨¿W¯Sªº¬ü°ê¦¡¼Ë¡C
wooden movement
1837¦~¡AChauncey Jerome¬ãµo¤F¶À»Éª÷Äݤu·~§Þ³N»s³yÄÁ¿ö¡A¨ä«á§O¤H¥é®Ä¡A¤ì®ÉÄÁ®É¥Nµ²§ô¡C
¼w°ê唂©BÄÁcuckoo clock1600¦~´Á¶¡¼w°ê¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ïªº¤H¥Á¡A¹A¯Ñ¤u§@ªº®É¶¡¬O«D±`¦³¡C¦bº©ªøªº¥V¤Ñ¡A³h¹A¬°¤Fºû«ù¥Íp¡A³£·|¤Æ¨¦¨¬°¤u¦K¡Aµo®i¤@¨Ç¤â¤u·~»s§@¡A¥L̤§¤¤¦³¨Ç¬Oµe®v¡B³]p®a¡A¼Æ¾Çºtºâ®a©MÀJ¨è®a¡AÁa¦X¤@¨Ç¹ê¥Îªº§Þ¯à¡A¶}µo¤F¤@®M¾÷±ñµ²ºc®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªäªº·½«¬¡C¥Dn¥H¤ì§÷§@ì®Æ¡A©Ò¦³³o¨Ç¤u¦K³q¹L¥L̼ô½mªº¤â¤u¦b¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ï¸Ì¡Aµ²¦X¤F¥L̪º§Þ¯à¡A¶}©l׳y¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁ¡C
¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤£Â_§ï¶i®ÉÄÁªº½è¶q¡AÁٳХߤF·í¦a¿W¦³ªº¤@®M®ÉÄÁ¯S¼x¡A·í¤¤¤]¥]¬A¥~«¬ªº³W®æ¡A³Ì²×ºt¤Æ¦¨²{¦bªº唂©BÄÁ¡C¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©óºt¶i¹Lµ{nÁa¦X¤£¦Pªº¬ì¾Ç¤Î§Þ³N¡A¤]«P¶i¤F·í¦aÄÁ¿ö±M¬ì¾Ç®Õªº²Õ¦¨¡F¼w°êÄÁ¿ö¤Î¬ì¬ãµo®iªº¦¨´N¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O¦b³o®É«Ø¥ß°ò¦¡C
¶Â´ËªL¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªºµo®i¡A¬°°Ï°ì±a¥X«Ü¦h±Òµo¡A¼w°êµÛ¦WªºStrasburg¤j±Ð°ó®ÉÄÁ¡A¶¯Âû¦b¨CÓ¤p®É¥´»ï«Å§G¤p®É®É¶¡¡A³£¬O¥é·Ó¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªº¥´»ï¤è¦¡¡C
¤j¬ù1750¦~¡A«Ø³y¤FµÛ¦Wªº"Schottenuhr" clock~(special Black Forest painted wooden shield clock¶Â´ËªL¤âøªº¤ì¬Þ«¬ÄÁ±®ÉÄÁ)¡A¨Ã¶}©l¥X²{¦b®ÉÄÁªí½Lªº¤W±¦³¤@Ó¤pªù¡A§ùÃY³¾·|±q¤pªù¥X¨Ó³ø®É¡A³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ³]p«D±`½ÆÂø¤S·¥¤§µ}¦³¡C
Early cuckoo clock, Black Forest, 1760-1780
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©B©BÄÁ¤£¦P©ó¤@¯ë¾÷±ñÄÁ¡A°£¤F¥Î©B©B³¾¥sÁn³ø®É¥~¡A¤]§Q¥Î¤F¶Ç²ÎªºÀJ¨è§Þªk¡A¥Î¤ìÀJ¸Ë¹¢¦UºØ©B©BÄÁ¡AÀJ¨è¥]¬A¸¤l¡BÂy¤H³]p©ÎªÌ¤@Ó·L«¬©Ð¤l¡F§ó¯S§Oªº¬O¥Î¾÷±ñì²z¡A³]p¤F¤£¦Pªº·|°Ê¤ì°¸¡A¦p¬å§÷¡B³Ü°à°s¡B¤ô¨®ªºÂà°Ê ¡B¸õ»Rµ¥¡Dºë¥©¦³½ìªº°Ê°¸¡A°t¤Wµ¼Ö»P³¾»ï,±N¶Â´ËªLªº¥Í¬¡ªí²{¦b®ÉÄÁ¤W¡C¶Â´ËªL©B©BÄÁÅܦ¨¤F¥@¬Éª¾¦Wªº¦a°Ï¤å¤Æ¡A¤S¬O¬ì§Þ»PÃÀ³N´|¦Xªºµ²´¹¡A¤ñ¤@¥÷¬üÄRªº¬ö©À«~§ó¦h¤@¨Ç¹ê¥Î©MÆ[½à»ùÈ¡C
world¡¦s largest cuckoo clock
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# 18
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º¥ý§Ú̱´°Q¤°»ò¬O¥¿½T®É¶¡(Âà¸ü¦Û¤ÓªÅÀ]-¬P¬P°Ý)¤@¯ë¤H©Ò»¡ªº¤@¤é¥¿½TºÙ¬°¤Ó¶§¤é(solar day)¡A§Y¤Ó¶§¶ê±¤¤¤ß³sÄò¨â¦¸¤W¤¤¤Ñ©Ò¸g¾úªº®É¶¡¡C¤@¤Ó¶§¤é¬ùµ¥©ó24¤p®É¡C
¦a²y¦ÛÂà¤@©Pªº®É¶¡¥H«í¬P¬°¼Ð·Ç¡C¤@«í¬P¤é(sidereal day)¬ùµ¥©ó23¤p®É56¤À¡C§Ú̦]¦Ó¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¨C¤Ñ(§Y¬Û¹j24¤p®É«á)¦P¤@Áû«í¬P¤É°_ªº®É¶¡¤ñ¹ï¤W¤@¤Ñ¦4¤ÀÄÁ¡A¤@Ó¤ë«K¦¤É2¤p®É¡A¦]¦¹§Ų́C±ß¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡©Ò¬Ý¨ì¬PªÅ³£»P¤W¤@¤Ñµy¬°¤£¦P¡C
¥Ñ©ó¤Ó¶§ªº©P¦~µø¹B°Ê¨Ã¤£§¡¤Ã¡A¦]¦¹¤Ó¶§¤éªºªøµu¨C¤é³£¤£¦P¡A¤@¦~¤¤³Ìªø©M³Ìµuªº¤Ó¶§¤é¬Û®t51¬í¡C
¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¦a²y¥»¨ªº¹B°Ê¤è¦¡·¥¤§½ÆÂø¡A©Ò¥HµL½×¥H¤Ó¶§¤é©Î«í¬P¤é§@¬°°ò¦¡A¨C¤éªºªøµu³£·|¤£¦P¡C¬°¤F¤è«Kp®É¡A§Ú̲{®É©Ò¥Îªº®É¶¡¨t²Î¬O¥Hì¤lªº®¶°ÊÀW²v§@¬°¼Ð·Ç¡A³oºØ®É¶¡¨t²ÎºÙ¬°ì¤l®É(atomic time)¡C
²{¤µªºÄÁ¿ö§Þ³N¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦¤G¦Ê¦~¥H«eªº§Þ³N¡A³£¯à°÷´x´¤±o¨ì¦p¦ó°µ¤@Ó»~®tȤp¡A¥i¥H±µ¨üªºÄÁ¿ö¡C
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Examples of complications include:
Non-horological complicationsSometimes various displays in or on a watch are counted as complications even if they have nothing to do with timetelling. Often seen examples include thermometer, barometer (rare in watches, more frequently in clocks)), compass, or altimeter. Many horologists will not count non-horological complications when adding up the number of complications on a given watch or clock, some purists even exclude the Power reserve from the complications count because it does not show a time indication (although its function is related to the timekeeping).
Grand ComplicationsA grand complication is a watch that contains at least three "complications", with at least one coming from each of the groups listed below:
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Ultra-Complicated Watches - Unlimited Sophistication
Watches for Collectors and AdmirersUltra-complicated watches appeared as a result of watchmakers' desire to unite the amazing number of functions in one watch case, thus challenging the laws of mechanics. These timepieces are perceived as the ultimate expression of the art of watchmaking. They are produced exclusively in very limited numbers. Some ultra-complicated watches are made only once for passionate watch collectors and admirers of horological exploits. Inspired by Mechanical Clocks
The creators of the initial pocket watches were inspired by the mechanical clocks that often comprised a wide variety of functions, including astronomical indications. Consequently, already in the 16-th century, the horology world boasted numerous watches relevant to the category of "complicated" and even "ultra-complicated".
Since then, watchmakers have worked hard trying to surpass the known limits of their art and demonstrate their skills in the best possible way. Watchmakers have been exploiting new possibilities of combining the biggest number of functions in the limited space of a watch case. 'Marie-Antoinette watch' by BreguetAmong the earliest most celebrated examples you will discover an ultra-complicated watch created by Breguet. The unique timepiece was commissioned for the Queen of France. Its development was finished in 1827.
The timekeeping creation was meant to feature every known complication of that time. The 'Marie-Antoinette watch' comprised a stunning number of functions, including a perpetual calendar, a minute repeater, a power reserve indicator and an equation of time.
The legendary pocket watch was followed by other timekeeping masterpieces, the majority of which was given birth in La Vallee de Joux (Swiss Jura), one of the best-known birthplaces of complicated watches. The most prestigious watchmaking brands do their best to introduce the most complicated watch ever created. Most Notable Examples
The watchmaking exploits that are of particular importance in the history of watchmaking are the "Leroy 01" launched in 1904 that was equipped with 20-25 complicated functions, depending on the way they are counted, and the "Graves" introduced by Patek Philippe in 1933 that boasted the remarkable 24 complications.
It was also the Patek Philippe Company that developed the most complicated pocket watch ever - the Calibre 89 revealed in 1989.
The one-of-a-kind watch comprised 33 rare complications, including the secular perpetual calendar and Easter dates.
Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile Wristwatches
As for the area of complicated wristwatches, Vacheron Constantin, having celebrated its 250-th anniversary in 2005, commemorated the occasion by unveiling of the "Tour de l'Ile" watch. The unique creation represents the world's most complicated double-face watch.
In the heart of the Tour de l'Ile there beats the movement composed of 834 parts. The two dials of the watch feature 16 complications. You will find the following functions on the list of the watch's complications: an hour, quarter and minute repeater, sunrise and sunset times, perpetual calendar, moon phases, tourbillon, age of the moon, equation of time, and a representation of the night sky.
Besides the unique demonstrations of savoir-faire mentioned above, watchmaking companies introduce a lot of remarkable examples of "grande complication" watches that offer fewer functions, but are meant to provide simplicity of use, legibility and functionality.
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µ¼Ö¾÷ªämusical movement
musical clockPhelps & Bartholomew movement from an 8-day Kroeber #3 musical clock, with Swiss musical movement in place of the usual strike train.
musical watches³U¿ö©MÄÁ³£¦³«Ü¦h¹ê¨Ò¡A¦ý¤â¿ö«o¦]ªÅ¶¡¤Ó²Ó¡A«ÜÃø±NÓµ¼Ö²°©ñ¤J¥h¡CPicture borrowed
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Girard-Perregaux has one of the most sophisticated musical alarm watches under the Opera range which is Opera Two and Opera Threepictures borrowed
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¤T°Ý³ø®É¸Ë¸mMinute repeater
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Á`¤§·|³ø®Éªº°Ý¿ö¡A¦]¥¦²Õ¥ó«Ü¦h¬ù¦³300¦h¥ó¡Aºë±K¤S½ÆÂø¡A©Ò¥H¥¦ªº»s§@¤ñ¨ä¥¦¿ön§xÃø«Ü¦h¡C²{¦b·s°µªº°Ý¿ö³Ì´¶³qªº¤]n¥x¹ô¦Ê¸U¤¸¥H¤W¡A¤W¤d¸Uªº¤]¤£¨¬¬°©_¡C·í¤µªº¥j¸³Ãh¿ö¦]¶Rªº¤H¤£¦h¡A©Ò¥H»ù®æ°¾§C¡C·íµM¯S§Oªº¡B¦W¼t¡B¦W¦K©Ò»s³yªºÃh¿ö¡A´X¦Ê¸U¥x¹ôªº¦hªº¬O¡A¤W¤d¸U¥x¹ôªº¤]¦³¡C¦ý¬O¤j¬ù¥x¹ô¤@¡B¤G¤Q¸U¤]¥i¥H¶R¨ì«~¬Û§¹¾ã¡B¥\¯à¥¿±`¡B1900¦~¥Nªº18Kª÷¤T°ÝÃh¿ö¡A«OÃÒª«¶W©ÒÈ¡A°£¤F«OÈ¡B¦¬ÂáBª±½àÁÙ¥i¥H¥@¥N¬Û¶Ç¡C
¸U¦~¾äPerpetual calendar
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p®É½X¿öchronograph
p®É½X¿ö¡A©ÎºÙ½X¿ö¡]^»y¡Gchronograph¡^¡A¬O¤@ºØ¦³p®É¥\¯àªº¤â¿ö¡A¬O±N¬í¿öªº¥\¯àµ²¦X©ó¤â¿ö¤§¤¤¡Cp®É½X¿ö©ó 1720¦~¥Ñ^°ê¤H George Graham µo©ú¡C
µL½×¬O¾÷±ñ¤â¿ö¡A¥Û^¤â¿ö¡A¬Æ¦Ü LCDÅã¥Ü¼Æ¦ì¿ö¡A³£¦³p®É½X¿öªº²£«~¡CLCD¼Æ¦ì¤â¿öªº»ù¿ú¬O¤TªÌ¤¤³Ì§C¡A¦ýp®É¥\¯à«o¬O³Ì¬°ºë½T¡Aºë«×¥i¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤@¬í©Î¤d¤À¤§¤@¬í¡C¥Û^ªºp®É½X¿ö»ù¿ú¸û¶Q¡Aºë«×¦h¼Æ¬°¤Q¤À¤§¤@¬í ¡C¦Ó¾÷±ñp®É½X¿öªººë«×¬O³Ì®t¡A¥u¯à¥H¬ípºâ¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó¾÷ªäµ²ºc½ÆÂø¡A¦]¦¹»ù¿ú³Ì¬°©ù¶Q¡C
°l¤À¥\¯àSplit Minute
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¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«Åã¥ÜMoonphase
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¬P±J©M®É¶¡¡A¬O¤HÃþ¦Û¦³¾ú¥v¥H¨Ó¡A«K¬°¤§¨I°gªº¨âÓ¦t©z²{¶H¡C¤ë¬Û¥þ¾äµÃªí¡A¥¿¦n¬O¬ã¨s¤Ñ¤å»Pp®É¤§¶¡²`«p²W·½ªº¤@¤j¨ãÅ馨´N¡A·í¾÷±ñÄÁ©ó14¥@¬öªì´Á¥X²{ªº®ÉÔ¡A§@¬°¤Ñ¤å¾äªkªºª½±µ¤Ï¬M¡A¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«¤]ÀHµÛ®É¶¡ªºp¶qªí²{¥X¨Ó¡C¦Ó¨ì¤F16¥@¬ö¡Aªíªº¥X²{¥O¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«Åã¥Ü§¹¥þ¥i¥HÀH®ÉÀH¦aÆ[¹î¥X¨Ó¡C¦Û¦¹¡AÄÁ¿ö»P¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«ªºµ²¦X¶}©l¤Fªø¹F500¦~ªº¾úµ{¡C
¤ë¬Û¹B¦æ¤@©P©Ò»Ý®É¶¡¬ù¬°29.5¤Ñ¡A¦]¦¹¤ë¬Ûªí³]p§¡±Ä¥Î59¾¦½ü¨ÓÅã¥Ü±q0¦Ü29.5ªº¤ëÄ֤覡¡A¬ù¨C33Ó¤ë·|²£¥Í¤@¤Ñªº»~®t¡A©Ò¥H¤T¦~«á¥²¶·«·s½Õ®Õ¤@¦^¡C½Õ®Õ¤ë¬Û»Ý®Ö¹ï¹A¾ä¡A³Ì¦n¿ï¦b¹A¾ä¤Q¤¡A¦¹®É¤ë«G³B©ó¥¿¤¤¡A¹ï·Ç½T«×¼vÅT³Ì¤p¡C
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º¥ý§Ú̱´°Q¤°»ò¬O¥¿½T®É¶¡(Âà¸ü¦Û¤ÓªÅÀ]-¬P¬P°Ý)¤@¯ë¤H©Ò»¡ªº¤@¤é¥¿½TºÙ¬°¤Ó¶§¤é(solar day)¡A§Y¤Ó¶§¶ê±¤¤¤ß³sÄò¨â¦¸¤W¤¤¤Ñ©Ò¸g¾úªº®É¶¡¡C¤@¤Ó¶§¤é¬ùµ¥©ó24¤p®É¡C
¦a²y¦ÛÂà¤@©Pªº®É¶¡¥H«í¬P¬°¼Ð·Ç¡C¤@«í¬P¤é(sidereal day)¬ùµ¥©ó23¤p®É56¤À¡C§Ú̦]¦Ó¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¨C¤Ñ(§Y¬Û¹j24¤p®É«á)¦P¤@Áû«í¬P¤É°_ªº®É¶¡¤ñ¹ï¤W¤@¤Ñ¦4¤ÀÄÁ¡A¤@Ó¤ë«K¦¤É2¤p®É¡A¦]¦¹§Ų́C±ß¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡©Ò¬Ý¨ì¬PªÅ³£»P¤W¤@¤Ñµy¬°¤£¦P¡C
¥Ñ©ó¤Ó¶§ªº©P¦~µø¹B°Ê¨Ã¤£§¡¤Ã¡A¦]¦¹¤Ó¶§¤éªºªøµu¨C¤é³£¤£¦P¡A¤@¦~¤¤³Ìªø©M³Ìµuªº¤Ó¶§¤é¬Û®t51¬í¡C
¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¦a²y¥»¨ªº¹B°Ê¤è¦¡·¥¤§½ÆÂø¡A©Ò¥HµL½×¥H¤Ó¶§¤é©Î«í¬P¤é§@¬°°ò¦¡A¨C¤éªºªøµu³£·|¤£¦P¡C¬°¤F¤è«Kp®É¡A§Ú̲{®É©Ò¥Îªº®É¶¡¨t²Î¬O¥Hì¤lªº®¶°ÊÀW²v§@¬°¼Ð·Ç¡A³oºØ®É¶¡¨t²ÎºÙ¬°ì¤l®É(atomic time)¡C
²{¤µªºÄÁ¿ö§Þ³N¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦¤G¦Ê¦~¥H«eªº§Þ³N¡A³£¯à°÷´x´¤±o¨ì¦p¦ó°µ¤@Ó»~®tȤp¡A¥i¥H±µ¨üªºÄÁ¿ö¡C
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Examples of complications include:
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Non-horological complicationsSometimes various displays in or on a watch are counted as complications even if they have nothing to do with timetelling. Often seen examples include thermometer, barometer (rare in watches, more frequently in clocks)), compass, or altimeter. Many horologists will not count non-horological complications when adding up the number of complications on a given watch or clock, some purists even exclude the Power reserve from the complications count because it does not show a time indication (although its function is related to the timekeeping).
Grand ComplicationsA grand complication is a watch that contains at least three "complications", with at least one coming from each of the groups listed below:
Visual Indicators | Astronomical indicators | Acoustic indicators [/td] |
Simple chronograph | Simple calendar | Alarm |
Counter chronograph | Perpetual calendar | Quarter repeater |
Split-second flyback chronograph | Moon phases | Half-quarter repeater |
Independent second hand chronograph | Equation of time | Five-minute repeater |
Jumping second hand chronograph | Minute repeater | |
Passing strike |
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Ultra-Complicated Watches - Unlimited Sophistication
Watches for Collectors and AdmirersUltra-complicated watches appeared as a result of watchmakers' desire to unite the amazing number of functions in one watch case, thus challenging the laws of mechanics. These timepieces are perceived as the ultimate expression of the art of watchmaking. They are produced exclusively in very limited numbers. Some ultra-complicated watches are made only once for passionate watch collectors and admirers of horological exploits. Inspired by Mechanical Clocks
The creators of the initial pocket watches were inspired by the mechanical clocks that often comprised a wide variety of functions, including astronomical indications. Consequently, already in the 16-th century, the horology world boasted numerous watches relevant to the category of "complicated" and even "ultra-complicated".
Since then, watchmakers have worked hard trying to surpass the known limits of their art and demonstrate their skills in the best possible way. Watchmakers have been exploiting new possibilities of combining the biggest number of functions in the limited space of a watch case. 'Marie-Antoinette watch' by BreguetAmong the earliest most celebrated examples you will discover an ultra-complicated watch created by Breguet. The unique timepiece was commissioned for the Queen of France. Its development was finished in 1827.
The timekeeping creation was meant to feature every known complication of that time. The 'Marie-Antoinette watch' comprised a stunning number of functions, including a perpetual calendar, a minute repeater, a power reserve indicator and an equation of time.
The legendary pocket watch was followed by other timekeeping masterpieces, the majority of which was given birth in La Vallee de Joux (Swiss Jura), one of the best-known birthplaces of complicated watches. The most prestigious watchmaking brands do their best to introduce the most complicated watch ever created. Most Notable Examples
The watchmaking exploits that are of particular importance in the history of watchmaking are the "Leroy 01" launched in 1904 that was equipped with 20-25 complicated functions, depending on the way they are counted, and the "Graves" introduced by Patek Philippe in 1933 that boasted the remarkable 24 complications.
It was also the Patek Philippe Company that developed the most complicated pocket watch ever - the Calibre 89 revealed in 1989.
The one-of-a-kind watch comprised 33 rare complications, including the secular perpetual calendar and Easter dates.
Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile Wristwatches
As for the area of complicated wristwatches, Vacheron Constantin, having celebrated its 250-th anniversary in 2005, commemorated the occasion by unveiling of the "Tour de l'Ile" watch. The unique creation represents the world's most complicated double-face watch.
In the heart of the Tour de l'Ile there beats the movement composed of 834 parts. The two dials of the watch feature 16 complications. You will find the following functions on the list of the watch's complications: an hour, quarter and minute repeater, sunrise and sunset times, perpetual calendar, moon phases, tourbillon, age of the moon, equation of time, and a representation of the night sky.
Besides the unique demonstrations of savoir-faire mentioned above, watchmaking companies introduce a lot of remarkable examples of "grande complication" watches that offer fewer functions, but are meant to provide simplicity of use, legibility and functionality.
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QUOTE:
ì©«¥Ñ lesc95 ©ó 2008-1-1 11:23 PM µoªí
Let me try s:
chronograph,
moonphase,
perpetual calender,
tourbillion,
minute repeater and
equation of time
Let me try s:
chronograph,
moonphase,
perpetual calender,
tourbillion,
minute repeater and
equation of time
QUOTE:
ì©«¥Ñ Winning ©ó 2008-1-4 12:56 AM µoªí
1. Perpetual Calender with phrase & age of the moon
2. Split Second Chronograph
3. Tourbillion
4. Celestial chart
5. Date of Easter & sidereal time
6. Minute Repeater
1. Perpetual Calender with phrase & age of the moon
2. Split Second Chronograph
3. Tourbillion
4. Celestial chart
5. Date of Easter & sidereal time
6. Minute Repeater
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QUOTE:
1.perpetual calender,
2.tourbillion,
3.minute repeater,
4.equation of time,
5.split Seconds,
6.musical watches
2.tourbillion,
3.minute repeater,
4.equation of time,
5.split Seconds,
6.musical watches
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µ¼Ö¾÷ªämusical movement
musical clockPhelps & Bartholomew movement from an 8-day Kroeber #3 musical clock, with Swiss musical movement in place of the usual strike train.
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Girard-Perregaux has one of the most sophisticated musical alarm watches under the Opera range which is Opera Two and Opera Threepictures borrowed
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Á`¤§·|³ø®Éªº°Ý¿ö¡A¦]¥¦²Õ¥ó«Ü¦h¬ù¦³300¦h¥ó¡Aºë±K¤S½ÆÂø¡A©Ò¥H¥¦ªº»s§@¤ñ¨ä¥¦¿ön§xÃø«Ü¦h¡C²{¦b·s°µªº°Ý¿ö³Ì´¶³qªº¤]n¥x¹ô¦Ê¸U¤¸¥H¤W¡A¤W¤d¸Uªº¤]¤£¨¬¬°©_¡C·í¤µªº¥j¸³Ãh¿ö¦]¶Rªº¤H¤£¦h¡A©Ò¥H»ù®æ°¾§C¡C·íµM¯S§Oªº¡B¦W¼t¡B¦W¦K©Ò»s³yªºÃh¿ö¡A´X¦Ê¸U¥x¹ôªº¦hªº¬O¡A¤W¤d¸U¥x¹ôªº¤]¦³¡C¦ý¬O¤j¬ù¥x¹ô¤@¡B¤G¤Q¸U¤]¥i¥H¶R¨ì«~¬Û§¹¾ã¡B¥\¯à¥¿±`¡B1900¦~¥Nªº18Kª÷¤T°ÝÃh¿ö¡A«OÃÒª«¶W©ÒÈ¡A°£¤F«OÈ¡B¦¬ÂáBª±½àÁÙ¥i¥H¥@¥N¬Û¶Ç¡C
¸U¦~¾äPerpetual calendar
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pictures all borrowed
p®É½X¿öchronograph
p®É½X¿ö¡A©ÎºÙ½X¿ö¡]^»y¡Gchronograph¡^¡A¬O¤@ºØ¦³p®É¥\¯àªº¤â¿ö¡A¬O±N¬í¿öªº¥\¯àµ²¦X©ó¤â¿ö¤§¤¤¡Cp®É½X¿ö©ó 1720¦~¥Ñ^°ê¤H George Graham µo©ú¡C
µL½×¬O¾÷±ñ¤â¿ö¡A¥Û^¤â¿ö¡A¬Æ¦Ü LCDÅã¥Ü¼Æ¦ì¿ö¡A³£¦³p®É½X¿öªº²£«~¡CLCD¼Æ¦ì¤â¿öªº»ù¿ú¬O¤TªÌ¤¤³Ì§C¡A¦ýp®É¥\¯à«o¬O³Ì¬°ºë½T¡Aºë«×¥i¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤@¬í©Î¤d¤À¤§¤@¬í¡C¥Û^ªºp®É½X¿ö»ù¿ú¸û¶Q¡Aºë«×¦h¼Æ¬°¤Q¤À¤§¤@¬í ¡C¦Ó¾÷±ñp®É½X¿öªººë«×¬O³Ì®t¡A¥u¯à¥H¬ípºâ¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó¾÷ªäµ²ºc½ÆÂø¡A¦]¦¹»ù¿ú³Ì¬°©ù¶Q¡C
°l¤À¥\¯àSplit Minute
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Âù°l°wp®É¬í¿öChrono Rattrapante
Âù°l°wp®É¬í¿ö¦³§O©ó¤@¯ëªºp®É¬í¿ö¡A¥¦¦³¨âÓp®É«ü°w¡A¥i¥H¦P®É¬ö¿ý¨âÓ¥H¤Wªº´ú¶q®É¶¡¡A¤£¹³¤@¯ëªºp®É¬í¿ö¥u¥i¬ö¿ý¤@¦ì´ú¶qªÌªº®É¶¡¡C·í«ö¤UÂù°l°wp®É½Xªíªº¶}©lp®É«ö¶s®É¡A¨â®Úp®É«ü°w·|¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡¦æ¨«¡A·í¨Ï¥ÎªÌ«ö¤U°l°wªº°±¤î¶s®É¡A§Y¥i¨ú±o²Ä¤@¦ì´ú¶qªÌªº®É¶¡¡A¦¹®É¥t¤@®Úp®É°w¤´Ä~Äò¦æ¨«¡A³o®ÉԨϥΪ̱Nèè°±¤îªº°l°w¦A¦¸±Ò°Ê©M°±¤î¡A«h¥i¥H¨ú±o²Ä¤G¦ì´ú¶qªÌªº®É¶¡¡A¥H¦¹Ãþ±À§Y¥i¨ú±o²Ä¤T¦ì¡B²Ä¥|¦ìµ¥´ú¶qªÌªº®É¶¡¡C
¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«Åã¥ÜMoonphase
Ãö©ó¤ë¬Û¥\¯à¡A¡§ªí°g¡¨Ì¦³¨âºØÂA©ú¹ï¥ßªºÆ[ÂI¡A¹ê¥Î¬£»{¬°¡A³o¬O¤@¶µ³Ì¨S¦³¹ê»Ú·N¸qªº¥\¯à¡F¦Óų½à¬£«h»{¬°¡A¤ë¬Û¡A¬O³Ì®öº©¡B³Ì¸Ö±¡µe·Nªº®É¶¡ªí¹F¡C
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µÃªí¤¤³Ì±`¨£ªº¤ë¬Û¬ÕÁ«Åã¥Ü¬O¥Ñ¿ö½L¤Wªº®°§Î¤ë¬Ûµøµ¡©M¾÷ªä¤Wªº¤ë¬Û½L°t¦XÅé²{ªº¡C¤ë¬Û½L¤W¦L¦³¶ê¤ë©MÂŦâ¬PªÅ¡C·í¥¦³v¤éÂà°Ê®É¡A¶ê¤ë¨ü¨ì®°§Îµøµ¡¤W¶ê©·¤£¦P¨¤«×ªº¾B½ª¡A¦Óªí²{¥X¤ë«Gªº¶ê¯ÊÅܤơC
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°Ñ¬Ý³o½g¤å³¹¡A¨Ã«Dì³Ð¡A¥u¬O±Nºô¤W¸ê®Æ½s¿è¦¨¤å¡A¦p¦³¿ùº|¡A½Ð¦h¦h«ü¥¿¡C
All pictures borrowed
# 19
ÄÁ¿ö¦¬Âë~~Share some pictures of weight driven wall clocks
Zaandam clock
Cuckoo clock
Cuckoo clock
New England Wall clock
Hoop you like the woodwork!
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°¦¥¬½\³¾¶}ªù¦PÃöªùªºÁnÅT¡A¤ñ¥]¤j¤H¤É°ó¨º¤@úï©ç¥xªOÁn§ó¦³®ð¶Õ¡C
ì¤ì¤âÀJªº唂©BÄÁ¡A¬O¤@¥ó¤uÃÀ®a©~¸Ë¹¢¡A¸g¾ú¦Ê¦~¤´¯à·Ç®É¡C
¾÷±ñÄÁ´N¦³³oºØ¯SÂI¡A©ö×ÃøÃa¡A¤ì§÷¤S¨¾ÂΡA±o¶¢µL¨Æ±½¤@±½¹Ð¡A¦æ¤@¦æÄÁ¡A¬Æ¦Üªø´Á±¾°±¡A§A¤£¥²n¥¦·Ç½T³ø®É¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@¥ó¤â¤uÃÀ¸Ë¹¢«~¡I
±¾ÄÁÀð¡AËݦhÓÄÁ¡AÃäÓ¦æºò¡H
Zaandam clock
Cuckoo clock
Cuckoo clock
New England Wall clock
Hoop you like the woodwork!
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°¦¥¬½\³¾¶}ªù¦PÃöªùªºÁnÅT¡A¤ñ¥]¤j¤H¤É°ó¨º¤@úï©ç¥xªOÁn§ó¦³®ð¶Õ¡C
ì¤ì¤âÀJªº唂©BÄÁ¡A¬O¤@¥ó¤uÃÀ®a©~¸Ë¹¢¡A¸g¾ú¦Ê¦~¤´¯à·Ç®É¡C
¾÷±ñÄÁ´N¦³³oºØ¯SÂI¡A©ö×ÃøÃa¡A¤ì§÷¤S¨¾ÂΡA±o¶¢µL¨Æ±½¤@±½¹Ð¡A¦æ¤@¦æÄÁ¡A¬Æ¦Üªø´Á±¾°±¡A§A¤£¥²n¥¦·Ç½T³ø®É¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@¥ó¤â¤uÃÀ¸Ë¹¢«~¡I
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# 20
Atmos Clock ªÅ®ðÄÁµ²ºc¸Ô¸Ñ
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ªÅ®ðÄÁªº«O¾iª¾ÃÑ ¡]ɤå http://www.lonpin.com.tw/atmos.htm¡^
ªÅ®ðÄÁ¨ä¹ê¬O¶·n«O¾iªº¡A
ºë±Kªº¬õÄ_¥Û¾¦½ü¶b¤ß¡AÁöµM¸¹ºÙ¥Ã¤£¿i·l¡A¦ý¼ÉÅS©ó¥xÆW¦h¯B¹Ð·L²ÉªºªÅ®ð¤¤¡F
·í±zµo²{ªÅ®ðÄÁ¨«ªº¶V¨Ó¶VºCªº®ÉÔ¡A´N¬O¸Ó°µ²M¼ä«O¾iªº®ÉÔ¤F¡C
ªÅ®ðÄÁ¤]¤£¬O¥Ã»·¥Î¤£Ãaªº¡A
·í±zn²¾°ÊªÅ®ðÄÁ®É¡A¤Á°O¡F¤@©wn©T©w¦n°jÂà½L¡C ¥un¤@¦¸ªº¤£¥¿±`®Ì°Ê¡AªÅ®ðÄÁ´N¶]ªº¤£§¹¬ü¤F¡C
±Ò°ÊªÅ®ðÄÁ¡A¤£¥i¥H²ßºD©Êªº¥hÂà°Ê°jÂà½L¡A¨º·|¨Ï°jÂà½Lªº¤¤¤ß¶b¬n±¼¡C
ªÅ®ðÄÁªº¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U«Øij¡AÃP¶}©T©w°jÂà½Lªº§â¤â¡AªÅ®ðÄÁ´N·|¹B§@°_¨Ó£»¡C
¦pªG¥u¬O¦a¾_°±±¼¡A¨ºª©¥D«Øij±zÂà°Êªø°w¨ì¥¿½Tªº®É¶¡¦ì¸m¡A¥¿±`ªºªÅ®ðÄÁ´N·|¶]°_¨Ó¤F¡C
ªÅ®ðÄÁ¦~¥÷°Ñ¦ÒDating Your Atmos Clock
With the exception of the original Antique "Atmos I" and "Atmos II", (Mercury Reutter models) the following Chart lists Atmos Clocks beginning with some of the earliest models (or calibers) and their respective serial numbers:
¯«©_ªº¿n®aAtmos·Å®tÄÁ ¨Ó·½¡G¤ý¦V©ú
Ãö©ó¿n®aªºAtmosÄÁ¦³¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¥sªk¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¥sªÅ®ðÄÁ¡B¥s®ðÀ£ÄÁ¡BÁÙ¦³¥Ã°ÊÄÁªº¡A¦ý¬O§Úıªº¤ñ¸û·Ç½Tªº»¡ªkÀ³¸Ó¥s¥¦·Å®tÄÁ¡C
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ªÅ®ðÄÁ¦~¥÷°Ñ¦ÒDating Your Atmos Clock
With the exception of the original Antique "Atmos I" and "Atmos II", (Mercury Reutter models) the following Chart lists Atmos Clocks beginning with some of the earliest models (or calibers) and their respective serial numbers:
Caliber / Model | Serial Number | Approximate Year Manufactured |
519 | 25,000-59,000 | Late 1940's to 1950's |
532 | Unknown, identical to Model 522 | Unknown, only a few manufactured |
522 | 60,000-69,999 | 1950's |
526-5 | 70,000-107,000 | 1950's |
526-6, 528 | 107,001-599,999 | 1960-1980 |
540's | 600,000 and up | 1980 -1998 |
Serial Numbers | Years |
4,000 | 10,000 | 1928 | 1932 |
10,000 | 25,000 | 1932 | 1948 |
25,000 | 52,000 | 1948 | 1955 |
55,000 | 80,000 | 1955 | 1958 |
80,000 | 600,000 | 1958 | 1983 |
600,000 | - | 1983 | - |
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¡@¡@¥¦ªº¤u§@ì²z¬O³o¼Ëªº¡G·í·Å«×¤W¤É®É¡A´â¤AÖJªº®ðÅ騳³t¿±µÈ¡A¿±µÈ²°´N¹³¤â·µ^¨º¼Ëªº¦ùªø¡A¦P®É¡A¿±µÈ²°¤ºªº¤@Ó¤jÁ³±Û¼u®³QÀ£ÁY¤F¡C·í·Å«×¤É¨ì81¢XF®É¡AÁ³±Û¼u®·|³Q§¹¥þÀ£ÁY¡C·í·Å«×¤U°®É¡A´â¤AÖJªº®ðÅ騳³tÁY¤p¡A¿±µÈ²°¤]¦¬ÁY¡AÁ³±Û¼u®Á³±Û¼u®³Q©ñÃP¡C·Å«×ªº°ª§CÅܤơA¨ÏÁ³±Û¼u®¤]ÀH¤§À£ÁY©M©ñÃP¡A·í·Å«×¤É¨ì50¢XF®É¡AÁ³±Û¼u®·|³Q§¹¥þ©ñÃP¡CÀHµÛ¿±µÈ²°°µÀ£ÁY©M©ñÃPªº©¹´_¹B°Êªº¬O¤@Ó¤pÃì±ø¡AÃì±ø³q¹L¤@ӷƽü©Mµo±ø²°Ápô°_¨Ó¡A¨Óµ¹µo±ø¤W©¶¡C·Å®tÅܤƶV¤j¡A¤W©¶¶V¦h¡C¾Ú»¡¡A¨C¤Ñ¥un¦³2¢XFªº·Å«×ÅܤơA©Ò²£¥Íªº¯à¶q´N¨¬¥Hºû«ùAtmosÄÁ48¤p®Éªº¹BÂà¤F¡C
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¡@¡@Atmos·Å®tÄÁªº¨«®Éºë«×¡A¥DnÂk¥\©óþÓ¥¨¤jªº¶ê¬W«¬ªºÂ\½ü¡AÂà°ÊºD¶q«Ü¤j¡C¨Ã¥B¥¦¬O¥Ñ¤@®Ú«Ü²ÓªºÂì°òªº¦Xª÷µ·¡]Elinvar¡^Äa¦Q°_¨Óªº¡A³oÓ¦Xª÷µ·¸g¹L¯S®í³B²z¡A·Å«×«Y¼Æ·¥¤p¡A´X¥G¤£¨ü·Å«×Åܤƪº¼vÅT¡C¶ê¬W«¬ªºÂ\½ü«~½è¦³240§J¡A¬O¤@¯ë¤â¿öªº3000¿¡A¤£¹L¥¦®ø¯Óªº¯à¤O«o¤ñ´¶³q¤â¿ö¤Ö100¿¡IÁÙ¦³¤@Óì¦]¡A´N¬OAtmos·Å®tÄÁªºµo±ø¥Ã»·«O«ù¾A·íªº½Lºòµ{«×¡A¤£ºò¤£ªQ¡C³o¼Ë¨Ïµo±ø¤§¶¡¦U°é¨S¦³±µÄ²¼¯À¿¡A©Ò¥H¤O¯x¿é¥X¥Ã»·§¡¤Ã¤£ÅÜ¡C
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Bellows Repair Service |
Defective Bellows - Gas Has Leaked Out. | Good Bellows |
If your Atmos clock is not winding itself, it most likely needs the bellows repaired.
We will repair your Atmos clock bellows and recharge it with the original type gas.
We will electronically test your bellows for leaks.
We will guarantee this repair for 6 months.
Testing Your Bellows |
Bellows Housing Removed From Clock | Test your bellows by measuring the depth in the center of the large hole in the bellows housing. A good bellows will measure 22mm to 28mm at 70 degrees F. A defective bellows will meassure 33mm to 40mm at 70 degress F. A good bellows ouside of the housing will measure 50mm to 70mm tall at 70 degress F. |
Ordering Information |
Repair cost is $40.00 per bellows. United States(48 States) buyers pay $12.00 for return shipping and insurance. International buyers pay actual return shipping and insurance charges plus any paypal commission fees. Do not send entire clock. - Buyer must remove bellows from clock. Please allow 2-3 weeks for repair. Make sure bellows is defective before sending. Please send only the bellows and not the housing. If your bellows tests good, you will be charged a $5.00 handling fee + return shipping charges. Send bellows and $40.00 + $12.00 return shipping charges to($52.00 total): (Make checks payable to Jeffrey Kitz) Jeffrey Kitz 531 N. Main Street Oshkosh, WI 54901 920-233-1757 10AM to 5PM Monday - Friday[email protected] |
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